Nephritis

Nephritis

1. Gentiana scabra, Gardenia jasminoides, Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Atractylodes macrocephala, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Poria, Alisma orientalis, Plantago asiatica, Lonicera japonica, Forsythia suspensa, Taraxacum mongolicum, Picrorhiza kurroa, Poria cocos, Imperata cylindrica, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanchum atratum, Cynanch...... Task output rules: Translate this markdown block from Chinese to English. Preserve markdown markers, links, and formatting. Keep headings and list structure unchanged. Return only the translated block.

Input: CTX、ADM、MTX(CAM)；ADM、MMC、5-FU(AMF)；ADM,MMC、

VCR(AMV）。

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Drug Treatment 2006.7.3

1. The treatment of SLE primarily relies on hormones, CTX, and AZA (azathioprine). Hormone therapy has undergone several changes over time, including morning administration, intermittent daily dosing, and divided-day dosing. Currently, CTX is administered at a dose of 1 g per month via intravenous injection; after six months, the dosage is increased to once every three months as a high-dose standard shock regimen, followed by a weekly dose of 0.5 g for a six-month low-dose shock period. AZA (azathioprine), due to its tendency to cause more severe bone marrow suppression, is no longer used alone; it is now used in small doses only during the maintenance phase following the initial low-dose CTX shock regimen, approximately six months later.

2. Another medication, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), has become a popular choice for SLE in recent years, offering certain advantages over CTX.

3. Cyclosporine A (CYA) and Tacrolimus: Both drugs can inhibit the transcription of IL-2 and suppress T-cell activation. CYA appears to have a more pronounced effect on proteinuria. Additionally, these medications are effective in counteracting the reduction of peripheral blood platelets often associated with lupus erythematosus.

WHO’s Three-Level Pain Management Approach 2006.7.5

In 1986, the World Health Organization proposed a three-level pain management approach for cancer patients. Clinical practice over the past 20 years has confirmed that this approach is highly effective.

Acute pain is a symptom; chronic pain can be considered a disease itself. The pain associated with cancer includes not only the patient’s fear of impending death but also the breakdown of human dignity. Effective pain management is the best way to truly improve the quality of life and extend survival in advanced cancer cases.

From the perspective of humanitarian principles—saving lives and alleviating suffering—requiring pain-free treatment is a patient’s legitimate right. For patients experiencing pain, it is essential that doctors fulfill their basic responsibility to provide relief. These arguments are justified because modern medical science has advanced rapidly, creating unprecedented conditions for clinical pain management through advancements in drug development, talent cultivation, and theoretical progress.

Three-level pain management involves mild, moderate, and severe pain. Mild pain is treated with non-morphine-based medications such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, feldene, rofecoxib, celecoxib, naproxen, and propoxyphene. Moderate pain is managed with weak morphine-based medications like etodolac, strong painkillers, or tramadol (in sustained-release form). Severe pain is treated with morphine-based medications such as methadone, codeine, oxycodone, phenergan, morphine, demerol, methadone controlled-release tablets, or oxycodone controlled-release tablets. In addition, topical analgesics like buprenorphine patches are available.

Over the past 20 years, the pharmacological approaches to three-level pain management have evolved continuously, but the core principles remain unchanged: ① oral administration; ② timing of medication; ③ phased treatment. Of course, these three principles should be combined with clinical practice—sometimes, when patients arrive at the hospital in advanced stages, with limited time remaining, and experiencing severe pain, they may be referred to the second or third level of pain management.

Aspirin’s Remarkable Role in Preventing Stroke 2006.7.7

The American Stroke Association (ASA) released a new announcement in March 2006, highlighting the continued importance of aspirin use in primary prevention of stroke.

Intervertebral Disc–Related Low Back and Leg Pain 2006.7.10

Disc herniation is the primary pathological manifestation of intervertebral disc disorders. Historically, it was believed that lower back and leg pain resulting from disc herniation was primarily caused by the compression of nerve roots by the herniated disc material. However, experimental research conducted by Professor Hou Shuxun at the 301 Hospital demonstrated that inflammatory mediators within the herniated disc play a crucial role in triggering nerve root inflammation, which is the primary cause of pain. Based on this understanding, treatments for sciatica can focus on inhibiting these mediators and reducing inflammation; for example, NSAIDs such as indomethacin can help alleviate pain while promoting disc recovery.

Complications and Prevention of Hemodialysis 2006.7.10

1. Acute complications include bleeding, air embolism, and the first-use syndrome.

2. Complications related to rapid changes in body composition include: ① Dialysis-induced imbalance syndrome, characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, and hypertension; ② Hypotension; ③ Electrolyte disturbances. The first-use syndrome was first reported in the 1980s, referring to a group of symptoms that occur when patients undergo dialysis using newly purchased dialysis machines without proper sterilization or testing for drug sensitivity, as well as issues related to equipment hygiene and biological variables. Clinical manifestations include difficulty breathing, chest pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, gastric spasms, skin itching, and edema.

A New Hope for Asthma Patients 2006.7.10

People’s understanding of asthma has evolved over many decades. In the 1970s, it was widely believed that asthma was caused by bronchial spasms, leading to the widespread use of short-acting beta-agonists, which masked the inflammatory symptoms of the airways and ultimately contributed to higher mortality rates. By the 1980s, researchers began to recognize that airway inflammation was the primary cause of spasms, prompting the selection of ICS therapy. Starting in the 1990s, attention shifted toward airway remodeling, with the use of ICS/LABA combinations. ICS refers to inhaled corticosteroids, commonly used in a dose of 100 mg of budesonide twice daily; LABA is a long-acting B2 receptor agonist, commonly used in a dose of 4.5 µg twice daily. This treatment regimen is known as SMART therapy.

Chuang Shi Disease 2006.6.12

In 1911, Japanese pediatrician Tomisato Kuwata first reported this condition. It predominantly affects children under five years old, with a higher incidence during winter and spring. Symptoms include: fever; conjunctivitis; red lips (cheilitis); glossitis (raspberry tongue); swollen cervical and systemic lymph nodes; hard swelling of the skin, most commonly found on the limbs; and potentially leading to large vessel vasculitis, such as coronary artery aneurysms or coronary artery occlusion. Given these six key symptoms affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes, this condition is also known as Pediatric Skin-Mucosal-Lymphoid Syndrome. The exact pathogen remains unknown, though most scholars believe it may be linked to a specific viral infection or involvement of streptococcal bacteria, triggering an allergic reaction.

Treatment historically involved combined antibiotic and hormone therapies, with aspirin being used to prevent aneurysm formation and to inhibit vasculitis. In addition, intravenous immunoglobulin could be administered to boost immunity and promote recovery. However, in recent years, hormone therapy has been increasingly discouraged, as the underlying mechanism of this condition involves widespread capillary inflammation triggered by pathogens, primarily affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes. The root cause lies in immune dysfunction; while immunosuppressive agents may offer temporary relief, further immune system collapse can render these treatments ineffective in the long term.

Conversations on the Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon 2006.7.17