References

The patient's overall condition is characterized by a feeling of heat and discomfort. Given this, domestic scholars have attempted to explore the relationship between liver and spleen through scientific research designs, aiming to better understand the connections between liver and spleen. It is known that the synthesis and secretion of salivary amylase are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. When liver qi is out of balance, it can lead to symptoms such as excessive sweating and fatigue. People still rely on patients with spleen deficiency for experimentation, discovering that when patients with spleen deficiency are in a baseline state, their salivary flow rate increases, and enzyme activity is also high. This suggests that the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls the salivary glands, is relatively tense. However, under acidic stimulation, enzyme activity does not increase—it actually decreases, and the salivary flow rate is also lower than in healthy individuals. This indicates that while the parasympathetic nervous system in patients with spleen deficiency is heightened, their stress resistance is lower than that of healthy individuals. Using isotopic tracing techniques, researchers found that the digestive tract in patients with spleen deficiency moves more quickly, and intramuscular administration of atropine can help alleviate this condition. This suggests that the parasympathetic nervous system is more tense in patients with spleen deficiency (0). Research on the sympathetic nervous system function in patients with spleen deficiency is also ongoing. Skin potential is a sensitive indicator of the central nervous system’s functional state; whether in a quiet state or under cold stimulation, the skin potential of patients with spleen deficiency is significantly lower than that of healthy individuals. After treatment with a spleen-tonifying and qi-enhancing regimen, skin potential rises noticeably. The urinary VMA levels in patients with spleen deficiency are significantly lower than in healthy individuals, and skin electrical activity often shows a parallel relationship with VMA levels¹⁰. Reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity is also a characteristic of patients with spleen deficiency; after treatment, enzyme activity increases. From a molecular biology perspective, the reason plants’ nerves can influence the organs they control is mainly because neurotransmitters released from nerve endings act on the corresponding receptors of effector cells, altering the intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels and thus affecting their functional activities. Some researchers studied changes in cyclic nucleotide levels in the blood of patients with spleen deficiency, but the results were inconsistent. Initial findings suggest that the plasma CAMP levels in patients with spleen deficiency were slightly lower², which helps explain why sympathetic nervous system function is reduced in patients with spleen deficiency. Although the methods used vary across regions and the indicators differ, and the results are not entirely unified, preliminary conclusions indicate that: ① the sympathetic nervous system is less active in patients with spleen deficiency, while the parasympathetic nervous system is more active; ② the stress resistance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is lower². References [1] Research Group on Spleen and Stomach at Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Preliminary Observation on Salivary Amylase Activity in Patients with Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Medical Journal, 1980, 60(5):290 [2] Wang Zhaoqing et al. A Preliminary Exploration of the Relationship Between Spleen and Gastric Acid Secretion—With Analysis of 341 Cases. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1984, 4(1):36 [3] Qi Jiansheng et al. Analysis of Urinary Gastric Protease and 17-OH-COS Levels in Chronic Gastritis Patients with TCM Spleen and Kidney Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1985, 5 [4] Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine et al. Clinical and Experimental Studies on the Essence of Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Medical Journal, 1982, 62(1):32 [5] Jin Jingshen et al. Observations on the Functional States of the Digestive System in Elderly Patients and Those with Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1984, 4(3):164 [6] Gao Qiyan et al. Changes in Certain Examination Indicators in Patients with Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1980, 21(9):213 [7] Bi Peixian et al. Histological and Pathological Observations on Various Types of Spleen Deficiency in Gastric Diseases. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1986, 6(4):213 [8] Xu Changzhao et al. Pathological and Histological Studies on the Duodenum in Patients with Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1987, 7(12):722 [9] Feng Gengwei et al. Observations and Analyses on the Morphology and Motor Function of the Stomach in Patients with Spleen Yang Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1980, 21(4):32 [10] Wang Jianhua et al. Discussion on the Relationship Between TCM Diagnosis and Gastric Electrocardiogram Results in Patients with Spleen and Stomach Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1983, 24(6):64 [11] Yu Cunren et al. Preliminary Research on the Role of Spleen Deficiency in the Function of the Digestive Tract. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1984, 4(1):13 [12] Wang Qingyun et al. The Relationship Between Spleen Qi Deficiency and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and Adrenal Medullary Hormones. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1987, 7(7):426 [13] Liu Youzhang et al. Exploring the Essence of “Spleen” in TCM from a Subcellular Level (to be published) [14] Sun Biegang et al. Clinical Exploration of the Essence of Spleen Deficiency in TCM—Journal of Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1983, 3:3 [15] Research Group on Spleen and Stomach at Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Discussion on the Theory of Spleen and Stomach. New Chinese Medicine, 1980, (2):1 [16] Jiang Chuanmei et al. Observations on the Relationship Between Certain Immunological Indicators and TCM Diagnosis in 96 Cases of Chronic Hepatitis, Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1982, 2(3):147 [17] Kuang Yuanliang et al. Preliminary Research on Lymphocyte Electrophoresis in Patients with Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1988, 8(2):90 [18] Zhang Shipei et al. Preliminary Research on the Association Between Five TCM Diagnosis Types of Spleen Deficiency and Human Leukocyte Antigen. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1987, 7(7):53

[19] Chen Jiewen et al. Discussion on the Sympathetic Nervous System Function in Patients with Spleen Deficiency. Journal of Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1984, 1:59 [20] Zhang Yuxuan et al. A Preliminary Exploration of the Essence of Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1983, 24(8):72

[21] Yin Guangyao et al. Analysis of the Relationship Between Plasma Cyclic Nucleotides and Intestinal Epithelial Metaplasia in Patients with Spleen Deficiency—42 Cases. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1983, 3(2):104

[22] Research Group on Spleen and Stomach at Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Research on the Theory of Spleen and Stomach. Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases, 1981, 1(4):298 III. Research on the Liver

The liver is one of the five internal organs, and it is just as important as the spleen and kidneys. Ancient physicians extensively discussed the liver, generally dividing its functions into two main aspects: ① The liver belongs to the wood element, with a nature that is open and unobstructed; it governs the flow of qi, and when qi stagnates, it leads to illness. When qi stagnates, it can “overcome earth” or “transform fire”; ② The liver’s wood energy relies on kidney water for nourishment; if water does not support wood, liver yang can become overly active, leading to wind-related illnesses.

(1) Liver Qi Stagnation

Under normal circumstances, the liver should possess a nature that is open and unobstructed. Once the liver loses its openness, it enters a state of liver qi stagnation, which forms the basis for various liver disease syndromes. From this point onward, syndromes such as “Liver Wood Overcoming Earth,” “Liver Qi Transforming Fire,” and “Liver Qi Rising Against the Ascending Path” can develop. In recent years, researchers have conducted some experimental studies on the true nature of liver qi stagnation. Some researchers used multi-index simultaneous testing [1], discovering that the primary pathological basis of this syndrome lies in autonomic nervous system dysfunction, including a decreased cyclic nucleotide CAMP/CGMP ratio, increased blood viscosity, and reduced intestinal absorption function. Japanese researcher Katsuhiko Matsumoto believed that “the liver is a complex organ, belonging to the autonomic nervous system, yet it is also connected to the mind, the central nervous system, the vasomotor center, and cardiac function.” The Hunan Medical University Research Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine concluded that “initial research suggests that the essence of the liver’s organ function is closely linked to the nervous system and neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms [2]. Therefore, research on the essence of the liver’s organ function must be based on the theory that the liver governs the flow of qi and the liver stores blood [3].”

(2) Liver Yang Hyperactivity

From traditional Chinese medicine’s theoretical perspective, “liver yang hyperactivity” represents a reverse pathological change from “liver qi stagnation,” where the former is characterized by “excess in yin and deficiency in yang,” while the latter is “excess in yang and deficiency in yin.” Some domestic researchers [4] observed the vegetative nervous system function of patients with liver yang hyperactivity, examining microscopic indicators such as changes in plasma cyclic nucleotides, comparisons of nucleotide content within red blood cells, changes in plasma natriuretic peptide levels, and variations in trace elements in whole blood. The results indicated that the neurohumoral regulation of liver yang hyperactivity is quite complex: first, the syndrome may primarily result from enhanced peripheral sympathetic-adrenal medulla function—① autonomic nervous system dysfunction, with sympathetic hyperactivity accounting for 69.8%; ② urine CA, NE, E, and TMN levels, reflecting peripheral sympathetic-adrenal medulla function, all increased; ③ the urinary level of MHPC, a metabolite of central NE, decreased; ④ plasma CAMP and CGMP levels rose, with CGMP showing particularly pronounced increases, while CAMP…

The CAMP/CGMP ratio showed a decreasing trend; ⑤ plasma TXB₂ and 6K-PGF levels increased, and their ratios also rose; ⑥ ATP, ADP, and NADP levels within red blood cells increased…

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Task output rules: Translate this markdown block from Chinese to English. Preserve markdown markers, links, and formatting. Keep headings and list structure unchanged. Return only the translated block.

Input: Quantity increased. Currently, it is widely recognized that when the sympathetic nervous system is activated, NE release increases, binding to beta receptors on cell membranes and activating adenylate cyclase (cAMP—ase), leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and plasma cAMP concentrations. Catecholamines can bind to alpha receptors, enhancing the activity of guanylate cyclase (cGMP—ase) and causing an increase in cGMP levels [5]. Prostaglandins (PGs) can activate cAMP—ase activity in many tissues, increasing cAMP concentration [6]. The imbalance in the levels of TXB₂ and 6K—PGF₁₂ may affect critical aspects of nucleotide metabolism. CA has the effect of promoting metabolic processes and increasing energy mobilization; enhanced energy metabolism may be a key manifestation of excessive sympathetic nerve activity in the adrenal medulla.

References [1] Chen Guozhen. An Exploration of the Essence of Liver Qi Stagnation and Spleen Deficiency. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1985, 5(12):732 [2] Matsumoto Katsuhiko. On the Five Internal Organs. Hanfang Research, 1979, 4:129 [3] Jin Yiqiang. Discussion on the Approaches and Methods for Studying the Essential Aspects of the Liver in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1990, 10(2):114 [4] Jin Yiqiang et al. Research on the Essence of Liver Yang Hyperactivity. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 1988, 8(3):136 [5] Liu Yaguang. Modern Natural Science and Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory. Fujian Science and Technology Press, 1983, 390 Practical Internal Medicine of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine [6] Li En. Prostaglandins and Modern Medicine. People’s Health Publishing House, 1985, 29–30

Four. Research on the Heart

In one of his works, “Ask · Linglan Secret Canon,” it is stated: “The heart is the ruler’s office, where spirit and clarity are manifested”; in the “Ling Shu · Mouth Question” section, it is said: “The heart…”

is the nine winning points, you 1