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Input: Dye, Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang, which removes the almond and is known as Yue Bi Tang, treats wind-water syndrome, with swelling throughout the body. According to recent clinical experience, it can treat acute and chronic nephritis as well as various endocrine-related edema. Ma Huang Tang, which removes the cinnamon twig, is known as San Ao Tang, used for treating cold wind cough and wheezing; Ma Huang Tang with added Bai Zhu, known as Ma Huang Jia Zhu Tang, treats various rheumatic pains. Ma Huang Tang, removing the cinnamon twig, ginger, and jujube, with added Coix Seed, is known as Ma Huang Xing Ren Yi Qi Tang, treating rheumatic pain all over the body, fever, and worsening in the late afternoon. In addition, Ma Huang, Fuzi, and Xixin, when combined, form the Ma Huang Fuzi Xixin Tang, a primary formula for treating yang deficiency and cold sensation, used for treating headaches, fever, chills, lack of sweating, and a deep, fine pulse. Recent studies suggest that this formula has good efficacy against all viral upper respiratory infections, especially suitable for patients with a weak constitution and low blood pressure; it also shows certain efficacy in treating sinus syndrome. Removing Xixin from this formula and adding licorice, the formula becomes Ma Huang Fuzi Liang Cao Tang, which functions similarly to Ma Huang Fuzi Xixin Tang but has weaker effects in releasing the exterior and dispersing cold. II. Formulas Based on Gui Zhi Tang

Gui Zhi Tang is often referred to as the "leader among formulas," composed of Gui Zhi, Bai Shao, Gan Cao, Sheng Jiang, Da Zao, and other herbs, primarily treating headaches, fever, chills, sweating, and a floating, slow pulse—this indicates a wind-cold pattern of external deficiency, akin to modern-day common colds and influenza. The primary significance of this formula lies not in treating colds and flu, but rather in using its variations and adjustments to treat a wide range of internal medical conditions associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Adding Hou Po and Xing Ren to this formula creates Gui Zhi Jia Hou Po Xing Ren Tang, used for treating wind-cold-induced wheezing; adding Ge Gen to this formula forms Ge Gen Tang, used for treating wind-cold with external deficiency accompanied by stiffness in the neck and back; removing Bai Shao from this formula results in Gui Zhi Qua Bai Shao Tang, used for treating external deficiency combined with a rapid pulse and chest fullness; adding Fuzi to this formula forms Gui Zhi Fuzi Tang, used for treating mild stiffness in the limbs, making movement difficult. Besides these formulas directly derived from Gui Zhi Tang, which are based on treating external deficiency due to wind-cold, there are also three other groups of formulas widely used in clinical practice, each with relatively precise therapeutic effects—and they are generally still regarded as Gui Zhi Tang formulas.

(1) Ling Gui Shu Gan Tang

This formula consists of Ling Qiong, Gui Zhi, Bai Zhu, Gan Cao, and is used to treat symptoms such as abdominal fullness, upward pressure of qi into the heart, dizziness upon standing, and a feeling of trembling in the body—this indicates a spleen deficiency with phlegm-dampness. From a modern medical perspective, this condition may include heart disease, heart failure, gastrointestinal disorders, and other similar issues. Removing Gui Zhi from this formula and adding Gan Jiang forms Shen Zuo Tang, used for treating cold dampness causing lower back pain; removing Bai Zhu from this formula and adding Da Zao forms Ling Qiong Gui Zhi Gan Cao Da Zao Tang, used for treating palpitations below the navel and a desire to vomit; removing Bai Zhu from this formula and adding Fang Ji and Huang Qi forms Fang Ji Ling Qiong Tang, used for treating edema caused by water retention, swelling in the limbs, and a sensation of fluid moving beneath the skin; removing Bai Zhu from this formula and adding Sheng Jiang forms Ling Qiong Gan Cao Tang, used for treating colds with excessive sweating but no thirst.

(2) Wu Ling San

This formula consists of Ling Qiong, Zhu Ling, Bai Zhu, Ze Xie, Gui Zhi, and others, used to treat conditions involving external wind-cold and internal water-dampness. The main clinical manifestations include headache, fever, chills, difficulty urinating, and heavy swelling of the body. From a modern medical perspective, this formula can be applied to all patients with edema, including cardiac edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema. Removing Gui Zhi from this formula forms Si Ling San, used to treat hematuria, as well as internal dietary injuries, with short, red urine and loose stools. Removing Gui Zhi and Bai Zhu from this formula and adding A Jiao and Huo Shi forms Zhu Ling Tang, used to treat painful urination with small drops that are difficult to pass, along with distension in the lower abdomen. Adding Yin Chen to this formula forms Yin Chen Wu Ling San, used to treat damp-heat jaundice and difficulty urinating. Removing Gui Zhi and Ze Xie from this formula forms Zhu Ling San, used to treat diseases affecting the diaphragm, with vomiting and a desire to drink. Adding Chen Sha to this formula forms Chen Sha Wu Ling San, used to treat cold-dampness; adding Cang Zhu to this formula forms Cang Zhu Wu Ling San, used to treat cold-dampness; adding Qiang Huo to this formula forms Yuan Rong Wu Ling San, used to treat heat accumulation in the middle burner; adding Sheng Shi Gao, Huo Shi, and Han Shui Shi forms Gui Ling Gan Lu Yin, used to clear heat from the six organs; adding Ren Shen to this formula forms Chun Ze Tang; further adding Gan Cao and combining with the Four Gentlemen, forming Chun Ze Tang, both of which can treat thirst even without illness or thirst that appears after illness. Section 2: Chai Hu Series

Most of the formulas in this series originate from the Shang Han Lun and Jin Kui Yao Lü, with representative formulas like Xiao Chai Hu Tang, Si Ni San, and Xiao Yang San all belonging to the category of traditional Chinese medicine formulas that promote harmony. I. Chai Hu Tang Formulas Xiao Chai Hu Tang is a representative formula for harmonizing the Shaoyang meridian, composed of Chai Hu, Huang Qin, Ban Xia, Dang Shen, Gan Cao, Sheng Jiang, Da Zao, and other seven herbs, used to treat Shaoyang syndromes—meridians that are half outward, half inward. Clinical manifestations include bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizziness, alternating chills and fever, chest and flank discomfort, irritability and nausea, a tense pulse with a thin white tongue coating. From a modern medical perspective, this condition shares similarities with systemic reactions seen in subacute and chronic inflammation; therefore, people have often achieved satisfactory treatment outcomes when using Xiao Chai Hu Tang with modifications to treat biliary inflammation, hepatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pancreatitis, arthritis, gastritis, enteritis, and other subacute and chronic conditions. Through diverse variations and adjustments, this formula can also effectively treat other diseases with targeted therapies. When chest discomfort is present without vomiting, remove Ban Xia and Dang Shen and add Guo Lou; when thirst occurs, remove Ban Xia and add Dang Shen and Guo Lou; when abdominal pain arises, remove Huang Qin and add Shao Yao; when chest tightness and discomfort occur in the flank, remove Da Zao and add Mu Li; when palpitations arise and urination is impaired, remove Huang Qin and add Ling Qiong; when there is a slight fever without thirst, remove Dang Shen and add Gui Zhi; when coughing occurs, remove Dang Shen, Da Zao, and Sheng Jiang and add Wu Wei Zi and Gan Jiang. Xiao Chai Hu Tang with added Gui Zhi Tang is known as Chai Hu Gui Zhi Tang, used to treat Shaoyang-Taiyang syndromes—both Xiao Chai Hu Tang and Gui Zhi Tang syndromes—with clinical manifestations including bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizziness, alternating chills and fever, chest and flank discomfort, irritability and nausea, a feeling of wanting to eat but unable to, headaches, fever, and chills. Removing Dang Shen from Xiao Chai Hu Tang and adding Zhi Shi, Da Huang, Bai Shao forms Da Chai Hu Tang, used to treat Shaoyang-Yangming syndromes—clinical manifestations include bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, dizziness, alternating chills and fever, chest and flank discomfort, irritability and nausea, a feeling of wanting to eat but unable to, subtle restlessness, chest fullness, abdominal pain, constipation, yellow, thick, dry tongue coating, and a tense, powerful pulse. Da Chai Hu Tang with added Chuan Lian Zi, Yuan Hu, Mu Xiang, and Pu Gong Ying forms Fu Fang Da Chai Hu Tang (an empirical formula), used to treat acute cholecystitis and perforated ulcers. Xiao Chai Hu Tang with added Ling Qiong, Pb Dan, Gui Zhi, Da Huang, Sheng Long Gu, and Sheng Mu Li forms Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang, used to treat Shaoyang-Yangming syndromes—mainly characterized by “after eight or nine days of cold, chest fullness, restlessness, delirium.” Xiao Chai Hu Tang with added Zhi Shi, Jue Jing, Guo Wei, and Huang Lian forms Chai Hu Xian Xiong Tang (from the popular Shang Han Lun), used to treat alternating chills and fever, fullness in the chest and diaphragm, with pain upon pressing, and bitter taste in the mouth. Xiao Chai Hu Tang with added Cang Zhu, Hou Po, Chen Pi, and Gan Cao forms Chai Ping Tang (from Jing Yue Quan Shu), used to treat liver qi stagnation and flank pain. Xiao Chai Hu Tang with added Mang Xiao forms Chai Hu Jia Mang Xiao Tang, used to treat “after thirteen days of cold, delirium due to excess.” Xiao Chai Hu Tang, removing Ban Xia, Ginger, and Jujube, and adding Gui Zhi, Gan Jiang, Hua Fen, and Mu Li forms Chai Hu Gui Zhi Gan Jiang Tang, used to treat “chest and flank fullness with slight stiffness, difficulty urinating, thirst without vomiting, but with sweat on the head, alternating chills and fever.” II. Si Ni San Formulas The representative formula of this group, Si Ni San, is a primary formula for harmonizing the liver and spleen, and for resolving internal and external imbalances. It is composed of Chai Hu, Zhi Shi, Bai Shao, and Gan Cao. The Shang Han Lun states that this formula treats “Shaoyin disease, four contractions, sometimes coughing, sometimes palpitations, sometimes difficulty urinating, sometimes abdominal pain, sometimes diarrhea with heavy bowels,” indicating that this formula can treat coldness in the limbs caused by diseases across the entire body’s systems. Later physicians, through clinical practice, found that the above treatments could be summarized as balancing the interior and exterior, aiming to harmonize yin and yang within the body, and to resolve limb coldness. From a modern medical perspective, this condition often results from autonomic nervous system dysfunction, leading to coldness in the hands and feet. Additionally, Si Ni San can also harmonize the liver and spleen. Harmonizing the liver and spleen means treating liver-stomach disharmony. The essence of liver-stomach disharmony is that liver wood overcomes earth; clinical manifestations include bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, irritability, and chest and flank discomfort. Part One: Introduction When the body feels heavy, lacks appetite, and experiences abdominal bloating, this formula can treat chronic gastric disorders and chronic liver diseases. Add Fragrance Add Fu, Chuan Xiong, and form Chai Hu Shu Gan San, the first choice for liver depression and flank pain, suitable for all liver-related liver pain. Removing Zhi Shi and Bai Shao from this formula and adding Dang Gui, Huang Jing, flowers, buds from the mountains, Da Huang, and Tao Ren forms Fu Yuan Huo Xue Tang, an effective formula for treating blood stasis-related flank pain, suitable for all traumatic chest and flank pain as well as costal cartilage inflammation. III. Xiao Yang San Formulas The representative formula of this group, Xiao Yang San, composed of Dang Gui, Bai Shao, Bai Zhu, Ling Qiong, Zhì Gan Cao, Sheng Jiang, and Bo Jiang, is a primary formula for treating liver depression and spleen deficiency. Clinical indications include bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, irritability, chest and flank discomfort, abdominal bloating, loss of appetite, and fatigue. From a modern medical perspective, this formula is suitable for chronic liver disease, gastric disorders, gallbladder and bile duct diseases. Furthermore, according to the theory that the liver governs the Chong and Ren meridians, this formula is a primary formula for traditional Chinese medicine to regulate menstruation, suitable for irregular menstrual cycles, early or late periods, and missed periods. Also, based on the theory that the liver opens to the eyes, this formula is a primary formula for traditional Chinese medicine treatment of eye diseases, suitable for retinal diseases and postocular nerve disorders. Adding Dan Pi and Shan Zhi forms Dan Zhi Xiao Yang San Tang (from Internal Medicine Abstracts, treating liver depression and fire excess). Adding Shu Di, increasing the nourishing and blood-tonifying effects, forms Hei Xiao Yang San Tang (from Medical Briefs Six Books · Women's Gynecology Essentials), treating liver depression and spleen deficiency, blood and qi deficiency. Removing Bai Shao and Bai Zhu from this formula and adding Chuan Xiong, Cang Zhu, and Gou Ding forms Yi Hang San (from Jing Yue Quan Shu), treating liver depression and irritability, restless sleep at night. Section Three: Bai Hu Cheng Qi System Many formulas in this system originate from the Shang Han Lun, and can broadly be categorized into three groups: Bai Hu Tang formulas, Cheng Qi Tang formulas, and Xie Xin Tang formulas. In addition to the original formulas from the Shang Han Lun, later scholars—especially those from the Warm Disease School—added numerous supplements to this system. I. Bai Hu Tang Formulas

Bai Hu Tang is composed of raw gypsum, Zhimu, glutinous rice, and Gan Cao, a famous formula from the Shang Han Lun, used to treat Yangming meridian syndromes (high fever, extreme thirst, profuse sweating, rapid pulse). From a modern medical perspective, this formula, with appropriate adjustments, can treat all high fever conditions—suitable for both infectious diseases with fever and for fevers caused by various physicochemical factors. Some call this formula the leading formula for heat syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine, and it is not an exaggeration. Adding Ren Shen to this formula forms Ren Shen Bai Hu Tang (from the Shang Han Lun), used to treat internal heat excess and deficiency of qi and yin. Adding Gui Zhi to this formula forms Bai Hu Jia Gui Zhi Tang (from Jin Kui Yao Lü), used to treat “warm malaria patients whose pulse is normal, who feel no cold but only heat, joint pain and discomfort, occasional vomiting.” Recently, this formula has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis accompanied by fever and a fast erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Adding Cang Zhu to this formula forms Bai Hu Jia Cang Zhu Tang (from Living People’s Book), used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, joint swelling and pain, headaches like a wrap, heat and chest discomfort, and thirst without drinking. Adding Antelope Horn and Rhinoceros Horn to this formula forms Ling Xi Bai Hu Tang (from Warm Disease Principles), used to treat external warm disease, deficiency of qi and blood, high fever and thirst, and delirium. Adding Xuan Shen and Rhinoceros Horn forms Hua Ban Tang (from Warm Disease Patterns), used to treat heat entering the blood, delirium, rash, and a dark red tongue coating. Removing Zhimu from this formula and adding Ban Xia, Mai Dong, Ren Shen, and Bamboo Leaves forms Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang (from the Shang Han Lun), used to treat residual heat that has not yet cleared, qi and yin damage, with symptoms such as excessive body heat and sweating, thirst, weakness, and a feeling of gas in the stomach that makes one want to vomit. From a modern medical perspective, this formula is suitable for all late-stage heat illnesses, where patients exhibit significant autonomic nervous system dysfunction and sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.