II. Formulas Based on Shen Qi Wan Pills

The Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction, also known as the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Pill, originated in "Xiao Er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue." This formula can be taken as a decoction or made into pills using honey, hence it has both decoction and pill forms. Composed of Sheng Di (or Sheng Di can also be used), Shan Yu Rou, Shan Yao, Dan Pi, Fu Ling, and Ze Xie, this formula is a representative remedy for nourishing kidney yin. Its therapeutic effects include dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, low back pain, leg fatigue, bone heat and excessive sweating. Modern medicine believes that the indications for this formula are largely related to hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, while it also helps enhance the body’s immune function. Clinically, it can be used to treat leukemia, esophageal cancer, hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma, chronic nephritis, chronic hepatitis, lupus erythematosus, emphysema, cor pulmonale, and menstrual disorders in women, among others. Adding Zhimu and Huang Bai to the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction creates Zhimu Bai Di Huang Tang (from "Yi Zong Jin Jian"), which treats yin deficiency with excess fire. Adding Qi Qi and Chrysanthemum to the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction creates Qi Qi Di Huang Tang (from "Yi Ji"), which treats liver and kidney yin deficiency, leading to eye strain and discomfort. Adding Wuxi Zi to the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction creates Du Qi Wan (from "Yi Zong Yi Ren"), which treats kidney failure in yang, resulting in breathing difficulties. Adding Mai Dong and Wuxi Zi to the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction creates Ba Xian Chang Shou Wan (from "Yi Ji"), which treats lung and kidney yin deficiency, causing frequent wheezing and coughing. Removing Dan Pi from the Six-Flavor Rehmannia Decoction and adding Qi Qi and Roasted Licorice creates Zuo Gui Yin (from "Jing Yue Quan Shu"), which treats kidney water deficiency, yin fluid loss, low back pain, nocturnal emission, dry mouth, and excessive thirst.

---

II. Formulas Based on Shen Qi Wan (Pills)

This formula originates from "Jin Kui Yao Lü" and is a representative remedy for tonifying the kidneys and strengthening yang. It consists of Gan Di Huang, Shan Yu Rou, Shan Yao, Dan Pi, Fu Ling, Ze Xie, Gui Zhi, and Fu Zi, suitable for patients experiencing dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, low back pain, leg fatigue, feeling cold and weak, spontaneous sweating, and a weak pulse in the wrist. It also addresses conditions such as impotence, nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation, generalized edema, and difficulty urinating—all of which arise from the aforementioned symptoms. The formula aims to "benefit the source of fire to dispel yin obstructions," where "benefiting the source of fire" refers to tonifying the kidneys and strengthening yang. Modern medicine suggests that patients with kidney yang deficiency have a significantly lower level of 17-hydroxy cortisol in their 24-hour urine compared to normal levels; after tonifying the kidneys, these levels can return to normal, while the symptoms of kidney yang deficiency also improve accordingly. Modern immunology indicates that the functions of T cells dependent on the thymus and B cells independent of the thymus are key factors in establishing specific immunity; the precursors to these cells are stem cells found in the bone marrow. Based on traditional Chinese medicine’s theory that "the kidneys govern bones and generate marrow," there is also a hypothesis that tonifying the kidneys and strengthening yang can enhance the body’s specific immune function. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that tonifying yang herbs can help antibodies form earlier, while tonifying yin herbs can extend antibody survival time—indicating that both tonifying yin and tonifying yang can boost the body’s specific immune function. Adding Niu Xi and Che Qian Zi to Shen Qi Wan creates Jisheng Shen Qi Wan (from "Ji Sheng Fang"), which treats yang deficiency with water retention and edema, leading to reduced urine output. Adding Lu Rong and Wuxi Zi to Shen Qi Wan creates Shi Bu Wan (from "Ji Sheng Fang"), which treats long-term yang deficiency, dark complexion, cold and swollen hands and feet, weakness in the waist and knees, thin physique, and low back pain. Removing Dan Pi from Shen Qi Wan and adding Du Zhong, Qi Qi, and Gan Cao creates You Gui Yin (from "Jing Yue Quan Shu"), which treats yang excess with yin cold, true winter fever. Removing Dan Pi from Shen Qi Wan and adding Huang Qi, Yin Yang Huo, Po Guo Zi, Wuxi Zi, Xian Mao, Ba Ji, Du Zhong, Lu Rong, Qi Qi Zi, and Da Yun creates Bu Shen Wan (a traditional formula), which treats impotence, nocturnal emission, low back pain, and leg coldness.

---

Section 6: The Sang Ju Yin Qiao Series

These formulas were developed primarily within the realm of warm disease theory, emphasizing the use of pungent, cool, and detoxifying herbs. Their invention filled a gap in the pharmacopoeia of "Shang Han Lun," contributing to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. Since the formulas developed by the warm disease school—from pungent, cool, and detoxifying treatments to nourishing yin and cooling blood, and finally to calming wind and opening the orifices—form a complete system for treating warm diseases, this series of formulas is divided into three main categories: Sang Ju Yin Qiao, Nourishing Yin and Cooling Blood, and Calming Wind and Opening the Orifices.

I. Formulas Based on Sang Ju Yin Qiao

Sang Ju Yin and Yin Qiao San both originated in "Wen Bing Tiao Bian," pioneering the use of pungent, cool, and detoxifying herbs to treat exterior symptoms of warm disease, complementing the shortcomings of "Shang Han Lun" in terms of warming and detoxifying treatments, and earning remarkable clinical efficacy, widely praised by physicians. Sang Ju Yin is composed of eight medicinal herbs—Sang Ye, Chrysanthemum, Lian Qiao, Xing Ren, Jie Jing, Lu Gen, Bo He, and Gan Cao—and is primarily used to treat exterior symptoms of wind-heat, including headache, fever with chills (more heat than cold), thirst, sore throat, and cough. Modern medicine believes that this formula is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

---

Chapter One: Introduction

It is often caused by acute pharyngitis or various non-viral upper respiratory tract infections, including lobar pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia, acute and chronic bronchitis, especially effective in treating high fevers in children. Yin Qiao San is composed of Jing Jie Su, Jie Jing, Jin Yin Hua, Lian Qiao, Bo He, Zhu Ye, Dan Dou Chi, Niu Bang, Gan Cao, Lu Gen, and other herbs—primarily used to treat exterior symptoms of wind-heat combined with throat pain, featuring headache, fever with chills (more heat than cold), thirst, and sore throat. While the indications for this formula are slightly broader than those of Sang Ju Yin, its ability to clear heat and detoxify is more pronounced. From a Western medical perspective, in addition to treating acute tonsillitis, this formula is highly effective against all purulent bacterial infections throughout the body. Five Flavor Disinfection Drink (from "Yi Zong Jin Jian") is composed of Jin Yin Hua, Ye Hua, Pu Gong Ying, Lian Qiao, Bo He, Zhu Ye, Dan Dou Chi, Niu Bang, Gan Cao, Lu Gen, and other five herbs—its primary purpose is to treat boils and various purulent infections. Although it contains five ingredients, its efficacy is remarkably strong. Xian Fang Huo Ming Drink (from "Wai Ke Fa Hui") is composed of Chuan Shan Jia, Tianhua Fen, Gan Cao, Ru Xiang, Bai Zhi, Chi Shao, Bei Mu, Fang Feng, Mo Yao, Shao Jiao Ci, Gui Wei, Chen Pi, Jin Yin Hua, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat boils and abscesses, whether they are still forming or have already formed but not yet ruptured. Qing Wen Bai Du Drink (for epidemic rash) is composed of Huang Lian, Huang Qin, Zhi Zi, Mu Dan Pi, Yuan Shen, Lian Qiao, Gan Cao, Sheng Di, Xi Jiao, Chi Yao, Zhi Mu, Jie Jing, Sheng Shi, Zhu Ye, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat pathogenic heat that has penetrated inward, causing both qi and blood to become inflamed. Clinical symptoms include high fever, intense thirst, profuse sweating, delirium, restlessness, and bloody spots on the skin, as well as hemoptysis, epistaxis, and bloody stools. From a modern medical perspective, this formula is suitable for septicemia caused by various infections; in traditional Chinese medicine, "pathogenic heat penetrating inward" generally refers to Western medical septicemia. Pu Ji Disinfection Drink (Li Dong Yuan) is composed of Huang Lian, Huang Qin, Ban Lan Gen, Xuan Shen, Niu Lao Zi, Ma Bo, Lian Qiao, Chen Pi, Gan Cao, Zhang Can, Chai Hu, Bo He, Jie Jing, Jie Jing, Sheng Ma, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat malaria, mumps, large head fever, facial lymphadenitis, and throat swelling caused by heat toxins.

---

II. Formulas for Nourishing Yin and Cooling Blood

When warm disease progresses from the qi stage to the yin and blood stages, symptoms of yin deficiency and blood disturbance may appear. At this point, relying solely on heat-clearing, detoxifying, or cooling agents is no longer the most appropriate treatment; only formulas that nourish yin and cool blood can address the root cause of the condition. Representative formulas in this category include Qing Ying Tang, Yu Nu Jian, Hua Ban Tang, and Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang.

Qing Ying Tang (from "Wen Bing Tiao Bian") is composed of Zhu Ye, Dan Shen, Xi Jiao, Lian Qiao, Huang Lian, Jin Yin Hua, Sheng Di, Xuan Shen, Mai Dong, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat heat that has entered the yin and blood, with clinical symptoms including hot flashes, thirst, delirium, restlessness, and faint rashes. From a modern medical perspective, this formula is suitable for cases of high fever in acute infectious diseases, often leading to electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. Yu Nu Jian (from "Jing Yue Quan Shu") is composed of Zhi Mu, Niu Xi, Sheng Shi, Sheng Di, Mai Dong, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat fever with thirst, headache and toothache, red tongue with little coating, and a fine, rapid pulse. In traditional Chinese medicine, this condition is referred to as "yang over, yin deficient," but in reality, it reflects heat that has damaged yin. Hua Ban Tang (from "Wen Bing Tiao Bian") is composed of Sheng Shi, Zhi Mu, Jing Mi, Gan Cao, Yuan Shen, and Xi Jiao—its primary purpose is to treat heat that has entered the yin and blood, with delirium, rash, and a deep red tongue. Xi Jiao Di Huang Tang (from "Qian Jin Fang") is composed of Xi Jiao, Sheng Di, Shao Yao, Dan Pi—this formula is the primary remedy for heat that has invaded the blood, treating heat that has caused blood to flow excessively, with symptoms including hot flashes, thirst, delirium, blood spots from yang toxicity, hemoptysis, epistaxis, bloody stools, and urinary blood, a deep red tongue without coating, and a fine, rapid pulse. In recent years, this formula has been widely used in internal medicine for treating actual heat-related bleeding conditions.

---

III. Formulas for Calming Wind and Opening the Orifices

Most of these formulas possess properties of clearing heat, calming wind, and opening the orifices, making them suitable for conditions such as yin deficiency, wind agitation, or heat that has entered the pericardium during the late or final stages of a fever. Commonly used formulas include Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang, Da Ding Feng Zhu, Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan, Zi Xue Dan, Zhi Bao Dan, and others. Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang (from "Gao Tong Shang Han Lun") is composed of Ling Yang Jiao, Gou Teng, Sang Ye, Chuan Bei, Zhu Ru, Sheng Di Huang, Chrysanthemum, Bai Shao, Fu Shen Mu, and Gan Cao—its primary purpose is to treat high fever that does not subside, delirium, convulsions, and twitching. Da Ding Feng Zhu (from "Wen Bing Tiao Bian") is composed of Sheng Gui Ban, Sheng Mu Li, Sheng Bie Jia, A Jiao, Mai Dong, Gan Di Huang, Ma Ren, Sheng Bai Shao, Wuxi Zi, Zhi Mu, Ling Yang Jiao, Sheng Ma, Gan Cao, Mang Xiao, Xuan Shen, Mo Yao, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat delirium, fever with thirst, spasms, stiff neck, and clenched teeth. Zhi Bao Dan (from "Huo Ji Quan Shu") is composed of Xi Jiao, Dai Miao, Hu Po, Zhu Sha, Xiong Huang, Long Nao, Chen Xiang, Mo Yao, Ding Xiang, Xi Jiao, Ling Yang Jiao, Sheng Ma, Gan Cao, Mang Xiao, Xuan Shen, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat delirium, high fever with thirst, convulsions, stiff neck, and clenched teeth. Zhi Bao Dan (from "Huo Ji Quan Shu") is composed of Xi Jiao, Dai Miao, Hu Po, Zhu Sha, Xiong Huang, Long Nao, Chen Xiang, Mo Yao, Ding Xiang, Xi Jiao, Ling Yang Jiao, Sheng Ma, Gan Cao, Mang Xiao, Xuan Shen, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat delirium, high fever with thirst, spasms, stiff neck, and clenched teeth. Zhi Bao Dan (from "Huo Ji Quan Shu") is composed of Xi Jiao, Dai Miao, Hu Po, Zhu Sha, Xiong Huang, Long Nao, Chen Xiang, Mo Yao, Ding Xiang, Xi Jiao, Ling Yang Jiao, Sheng Ma, Gan Cao, Mang Xiao, Xuan Shen, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat delirium, high fever with thirst, spasms, stiff neck, and clenched teeth. Zhi Bao Dan (from "Huo Ji Quan Shu") is composed of Xi Jiao, Dai Miao, Hu Po, Zhu Sha, Xiong Huang, Long Nao, Chen Xiang, Mo Yao, Ding Xiang, Xi Jiao, Ling Yang Jiao, Sheng Ma, Gan Cao, Mang Xiao, Xuan Shen, and other herbs—its primary purpose is to treat delirium, high fever with thirst, spasms, stiff neck, and clenched teeth. Preventative measures include using Guan Zhong and Ban Lan Gen in winter and spring, and using Jin Yin Hua, Ho Xiang, and Pei Lan in summer, brewed as tea.

---

Chinese-Western Integrated Practical Internal Medicine, Volume Two: Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are contagious and caused by pathogenic microorganisms. There are countless microorganisms in nature, but only a small fraction can cause illness in humans. These microorganisms are classified according to size as viruses, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, bacteria, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa, and worms. Among these microorganisms, those capable of causing human disease are referred to as pathogenic microorganisms or pathogens. The study of infectious diseases essentially involves understanding the patterns of pathogenicity of these microorganisms in the human body, as well as developing diagnostic methods and clinical treatment strategies. Both Western and traditional Chinese medicine have achieved remarkable success in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; in particular, recent advances in immunology and the emergence of new antibiotics have opened up broad prospects for treating infectious diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine categorizes these diseases under the umbrella of "warm diseases" (including warm epidemics and colds), and ancient practitioners left behind invaluable theories and experiences in this field.

Since the dawn of history, humanity has constantly fought against infectious diseases. The process of human evolution and social development has also been a continuous struggle against infectious diseases. With the advancement of science and technology, some previously common infectious diseases have been eradicated or brought under control, while new infectious diseases have emerged. This edition of the book includes several newly discovered infectious diseases in recent years.

Chapter One: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections – I. Overview

Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), also known as "colds," are acute respiratory infections caused by various viruses and bacteria, characterized primarily by nasopharyngitis. They have an extremely high incidence rate, are highly contagious, commonly affect young children, and tend to occur more frequently in winter and spring. The course of the disease is short, and immunity is generally not developed. The main viruses and bacteria that cause URIs include rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, coxsackievirus, and streptococcus. Pathogens are mainly transmitted through droplets, invading the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and causing varying degrees of acute inflammation in different parts of the body—particularly in the nose, throat, tonsils, and larynx, where mucosal edema and congestion lead to thickening of the tissues. Clinical manifestations include an incubation period of 1–2 days. Onset is often triggered by exposure to cold or overexertion; initially, the throat feels dry and uncomfortable, followed by nasal congestion and runny nose, headache, sore throat, cough, general malaise, or even low-grade fever, occasionally accompanied by constipation or diarrhea. If the infection is bacterial or secondary bacterial, fever and localized purulent inflammation become more pronounced. When bacterial infections or secondary bacterial infections occur, symptoms such as fever and localized purulent inflammation become more severe. For example, when purulent sinusitis, otitis media, or tonsillitis develop, the course of the disease may be prolonged.

II. Diagnosis

This disease is characterized by obvious upper respiratory tract inflammation, particularly acute nasopharyngitis, making diagnosis relatively straightforward. However, distinguishing between viral and bacterial causes often requires laboratory tests, such as white blood cell counts, which can provide preliminary clues: in viral infections, the total white blood cell count and neutrophil classification are usually normal or reduced; in bacterial infections, the white blood cell count tends to increase. To determine the specific pathogen, virus isolation and bacterial culture are necessary. This disease should be primarily differentiated from influenza and other early-stage acute infectious diseases; for detailed differential diagnoses, refer to the chapter on influenza.