Zhi Ke 10g, Qing Pi 6g, Chen Pi 6g, Bai Shao 12g, Chuan Xiong 10g, Huang Qi 10g, Bai Zhu 10g,

2. Chronic Hepatitis: Damp-Heat Syndrome in the Liver and Gallbladder: Clinical manifestations include flank and rib pain, loss of appetite and nausea, aversion to oily foods, sticky and bitter oral sensations, yellowing of the skin and eyes, sticky and foul-smelling stools, yellow urine, a yellowish, greasy tongue coating, and a wiry, rapid or wiry-slow pulse. Main symptoms: ① Flank and rib pain; ② Yellowish, greasy tongue coating. Secondary symptoms: ① Loss of appetite and nausea, aversion to oily foods; ② Yellowing of the skin and eyes; ③ Yellow urine. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; third, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Clear heat, promote diuresis, and detoxify. Prescription: Huo Zhang 15g, Long Kui 15g, Yin Chen 10g, Qian Cao 10g, Pu Gong Ying 15g, Ban Lan Gen 10g, Che Qian 10g (wrapped), Hua Shi 10g, Tong Cao 6g. Additions: For liver qi that is overly hot or where heat outweighs dampness, add Long Dan Cao 10g, Huang Qin 10g, Zhizi 10g; for dampness that outweighs heat, add Huang Bo 10g, Cang Bai Zhu each 10g, Huo Xiang 10g, Pei Lan 10g. When toxic energy is strong, add Bai Hua She Tia Cao 15g, Ku Shen 15g, or苦味叶 Xia Zhu 10g. Liver Qi Stagnation and Spleen Deficiency Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include flank and rib pain, chest tightness and discomfort, depressive mood, reduced appetite, bland taste, abdominal fullness and discomfort, particularly worse in the afternoon, little energy and talkativeness, fatigue and weakness, a pale complexion, loose stools or indigestion after eating raw, cold, fatty, or hard-to-digest foods, a tongue that is pale with tooth marks, a white tongue coating, and a deep, wiry pulse. Main symptoms: ① Flank and rib pain; ② Abdominal distension and loose stools. Secondary symptoms: ① Chest tightness and depression; ② Fatigue and weakness; ③ Pale tongue with tooth marks. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; third, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any three of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Relax the liver and strengthen the spleen. Prescription: Chai Hu 10g, Zhi Ke 10g, Qing Pi 6g, Chen Pi 6g, Bai Shao 12g, Chuan Xiong 10g, Huang Qi 10g, Bai Zhu 10g, Fuling 10g. Additions: For significant qi stagnation, add Chuan Lian Zi 15g, Mu Xiang 10g; for patients whose right flank pain is predominant, add Dang Gui 15g, Yu Jin 15g. For patients with spleen deficiency and loose stools, add Cang Zhu 15g, Shan Yao 15g, Mu Xiang 10g, Fried Broad Bean 10g. If morning nausea or occasional nausea occurs, adjust the dosage of Chai Hu to 3–6g.

Liver and Kidney Yin Deficiency Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include hidden pain in the right flank, which worsens with exertion, soreness and stiffness in the lower back and knees, muscle tension in the limbs, dizziness and tinnitus like cicadas, dry eyes and throat, insomnia with frequent dreams, hot flashes or restlessness in the five internal organs, nocturnal emission in men, or amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea in women, a thin tongue body, a red tongue, little saliva, cracked tongue, a flower-like coating or little coating, or a bright red tongue without coating, a fine, rapid pulse. Main symptoms: ① Dizziness and dry eyes; ② Soreness and stiffness in the lower back and knees; ③ Red tongue with little saliva. Secondary symptoms: ① Restlessness in the five internal organs; ② Insomnia with frequent dreams; ③ Hidden pain in the right flank, which worsens with exertion; ④ Fine, rapid pulse. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; third, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any three of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; fourth, if a patient exhibits all of the secondary symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Nourish the kidneys and nourish the liver, enrich yin. Prescription: Sheng Di 15g, Shu Di 15g, Sang Ji Sheng 10g, Nu Zhen Zi 20g, Wu Wei Zi 15g, Chi Shao 15g, Bai Shao 15g, Dang Gui 15g, Dan Shen 15g. Additions: For yin deficiency with internal heat and night sweats, add Dan Pi 15g, Di Ge Pi 15g; for obvious dry mouth and thirst, add Tian Hua Fen 15g, Lu Gen 10g.

Blood Stasis Blocking the Meridians Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include a dark complexion, or red streaks and veins, sharp pain in the two flanks, hard masses under the ribs, a “cinnabar palm,” spider veins, menstrual cramps in women, dark red menstrual blood with clots, a dark or purplish tongue, and a deep, wiry, slow pulse. Main symptoms: ① Dark complexion, or red streaks; ② Hard masses under the ribs. Secondary symptoms: ① Dark tongue or purplish spots; ② Cinnabar palms, spider veins; ③ Sharp pain in the two flanks; ④ Menstrual cramps or dark red menstrual blood with clots in women. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; third, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any three of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Activate blood circulation, unblock the meridians, and resolve blood stasis. Prescription: Dan Shen 30g, Yu Jin 15g, Tao Ren 15g, Chi Shao 15g, Roasted Turtle Shell 25g, San Qi Powder 5g (taken with water), Chai Hu 10g, Xiang Fu 10g, Bai Shao 15g, Fuling 15g. For severe blood stasis blocking the meridians, consider adding San Ling, E’zhu, or prepared Pangshan Jia.

Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include fear of cold and a preference for warmth, cold extremities, mental fatigue, a pale or dull complexion, cold pain in the lower abdomen and knees, poor appetite and abdominal fullness, abdominal distension and loose stools, or morning diarrhea, incomplete digestion of food, even with constipation, or even involuntary bowel movements, difficulty urinating or incomplete bladder emptying, or frequent urination with incontinence, edema in the lower limbs or throughout the body—sometimes even water retention, cold testes or impotence, a dark tongue body with tooth marks, a white, greasy, or slippery tongue coating, a deep, slow, weak or slow pulse. Main symptoms: ① Fear of cold and cold extremities; ② Mental fatigue; ③ Dark tongue with tooth marks. Secondary symptoms: ① Cold pain in the lower abdomen and knees; ② Abdominal distension and loose stools, or morning diarrhea; ③ Edema in the lower limbs; ④ Cold testes or impotence; ⑤ Slow, weak pulse. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome; third, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any three of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Warm the yang, tonify the kidneys, and strengthen the spleen to resolve dampness. Prescription: Made Fuzi 10g, Dang Shen 30g, Raw Huang Qi 15g, Dried Ginger 6g, Fried Bai Zhu 10g, Fuling 15g, Zhu Ling 15g, Yiren 15g, Shan Yao 15g, Ze Xie 10g, Da Fu Pi 15g, Chen Pi 10g. Additions: For severe yang deficiency, add Cinnamon 5g (added later); for severe constipation, add Nutmeg 5g, Cardamom 5g, Wuzhu Yu 3g; for cold and stiff lower limbs, add Chuan Duan 10g, Sang Ji Sheng 10g. 3. Bile-Related Hepatitis: Damp-Heat Interweaving Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include deep jaundice that persists for months, skin itching or a burning sensation, small bleeding points and bruises after scratching, sharp pain in the right flank, dryness in the mouth and throat, light or grayish-yellow stools, dark red urine, a dark red tongue with little coating, and a firm, powerful pulse. Main symptoms: ① Deep jaundice that persists for months; ② Skin itching; ③ Dark red tongue. Secondary symptoms: ① Light or grayish-yellow stools; ② Dark red urine; ③ Sharp pain in the right flank. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Resolve blood stasis, clear heat, and promote bile drainage to reduce jaundice. Prescription: Chi Shao 30–60g, Dan Shen 30g, E’zhu 10g, Yu Jin 15g, Shan Jia Pian 10g, Yin Chen 15g, Qian Cao 15g, Ze Lan 15g, Chai Hu 10g. Additions: For patients with lingering low-grade fever, add Artemisia 12g, Bai Wei 10g; for patients with shortness of breath and fatigue, add Sheng Huang Qi 15g, Taizi Shen 10g. Cold-Damp Stasis Syndrome: Clinical manifestations include deep jaundice, a duller yellow hue, persistence for months, skin itching, or discomfort in the right flank, feeling cold and chilly, poor appetite and abdominal fullness, yellowish and cool urine, light or grayish-yellow stools, a dull tongue body, a white, slippery tongue coating, and a deep, slow pulse. Main symptoms: ① Deep jaundice, a duller yellow hue, persistence for months; ② Poor appetite and abdominal fullness; ③ Skin itching. Secondary symptoms: ① Light or grayish-yellow stools; ② Feeling cold and chilly; ③ A dull tongue body, a slow pulse. Diagnostic requirements: First, if a patient exhibits all of the main symptoms, they are considered to have this syndrome; second, if a patient exhibits any one of the two main symptoms and any two of the secondary symptoms, they are also considered to have this syndrome. Treatment principles: Strengthen the spleen and stomach…

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Task output rules: Translate this markdown block from Chinese to English. Preserve markdown markers, links, and formatting. Keep headings and list structure unchanged. Return only the translated block.

Input: Rong Tang, Shiquan Dabu Wan, Shengmai San; for spleen tonification, use Liu Junzi Tang, Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang, Huangqi Jianzhong Tang; for liver tonification, use Bajuan Tang, Sifuzhuang Tang; for kidney tonification, use Zuo Gui Yin, You Gui Yin, Shen Qi Wan; secondly, to dispel pathogenic factors and detoxify, choose Xiao Chai Hu Tang, Longdan Xie Gan Tang, Danggui Longhui Wan; to promote blood circulation and resolve stasis, choose Fangtaohong Siwu Tang, Xuefu Zhu Yu Tang, Shixiao San; to transform phlegm and eliminate dampness, choose Er Chen Tang, Pingwei San; to soften hard masses and disperse nodules, choose Xiaoluo Wan, Xihuang Wan. (Journal of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2000.4) Since the entire process of HIV development is characterized by dynamic changes in the interplay between pathogenic factors and the body’s defenses, it is essential to combine disease identification with syndrome differentiation based on the inherent patterns of pathological progression in order to grasp every stage of disease onset and development. First, during the acute infection phase: the HIV virus invades the body, causing pathogenic toxins to attack the surface of the skin, accumulating in the skin's superficial layers, leading to a disruption of the skin’s defensive barrier. ① Wind-Heat type: modify Yin Qiao San with additions or subtractions; ② Wind-Cold type: modify Jingfang Baidu San with additions or subtractions. Second, 4 鄙

Second, during the latent phase (asymptomatic infection period): the balance between pathogenic factors and the body’s defenses is maintained, but vital energy gradually depletes, and the functions of qi, blood, yin, and the internal organs begin to become increasingly imbalanced. ① Qi and Blood Deficiency type: use Ren Shen Gui Pi Wan; ② Liver Qi Stagnation with Excess Fire type: use Chai Hu Shu Gan San; ③ Phlegm-Heat Internal Disturbance type: modify Wending Tang with additions or subtractions. Third, during the发病 phase: vital energy is severely depleted, the body’s defenses cannot overcome the pathogenic factors, various pathogenic agents take advantage of the weakened defenses to enter the body, leading to a multitude of complications. Qi and Blood, as well as Yin and Yang are all damaged, and ultimately, due to the body’s inability to counteract the pathogenic factors, vital energy is exhausted. ① Internal Heat-Toxin Accumulation, Phlegm-Heat Obstructing the Lungs: modify Qing Jin Hua Tan Wan in combination with Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang with additions or subtractions; ② Qi and Yin Deficiency, Lung and Kidney Deficiency: combine Sheng Mai San with Bai He Gu Jin Tang with additions or subtractions; ③ Qi Deficiency with Blood Stasis, Pathogenic Toxins Accumulating: combine Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang with Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang with additions or subtractions; ④ Liver Meridian Wind-Heat, Damp-Toxin Accumulation: modify Long Dan Xie Gan Tang with additions or subtractions; ⑤ Qi Stasis with Phlegm Blockage, Internal Stasis: combine Xiaoluo Wan with Xiao Yao Wan; ⑥ Spleen and Kidney Deficiency, Damp-Toxin Blockage: add Zhen Ling Bai Zhu San with additions or subtractions; ⑦ Yuan Qi Deficiency, Kidney Yin Deficiency: modify Bu Tian Da Zao Wan with additions or subtractions. (Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2006.1)

IV. Western Medical Treatment

There are still no specific effective treatments for AIDS; current therapies primarily focus on inhibiting viral replication, regulating immune function, and treating opportunistic infections and tumors as needed.

(1) Anti-HIV Drugs

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as AZT, ddI, ddc, etc.; non-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) like NVP, atazanavir, etc.; protease inhibitors like saquinavir, ritonavir (ABT538), idivavir, etc. Currently, it is recommended to use three or more antiviral drugs in combination to treat AIDS, a practice known as “cocktail therapy.” This approach can reduce drug resistance caused by single-drug use, maximize inhibition of viral replication, restore damaged immune function, thereby slowing disease progression, extending patient life, and improving quality of life. By combining protease inhibitors with multiple antiviral medications, AIDS can be effectively controlled—this is currently the most effective treatment for AIDS, capable of both preventing HIV reproduction and preventing the development of drug resistance. Current drug regimens can be categorized into three main types.

(1) Protease inhibitor-based cocktail therapy: one protease inhibitor combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

(2) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based cocktail therapy: one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

(3) Three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based cocktail therapy. (2) Immunomodulatory Drugs

a- Interferon, interleukin-2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplants, thymus transplants, lymphocyte infusions, thymosin, transfer factors, immunoglobulin G, among other alternative therapies, aim to enhance the body’s immune function; however, these treatments often have short-lived effects or are difficult to confirm due to rejection reactions, allergic reactions, and other adverse outcomes.

(3) Treatment of Opportunistic Infections

(1) Treatment of Protozoal Infections: for Pneumocystis pneumonia, use co-trimoxazole or pentamidine; for Toxoplasma gondii infection, use pyrimethamine and sulfadimethoxine, or pyrimethamine combined with co-trimoxazole or clindamycin.

(2) Treatment of Viral Infections: use acyclovir, ganciclovir, phosphonoformate, interferon, etc. (3) Treatment of Fungal Infections: use amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin, fluconazole, etc.

(4) Treatment of Bacterial Infections: options include oxacillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime; for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, use piperacillin, ciprofloxacin, second-generation cephalosporins, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, polymyxin B, gentamicin, etc.