4.1 Epidemiology of Primary Liver Cancer

4.1 Epidemiology of Primary Liver Cancer

According to a 2002 survey, lung cancer was the leading cause of death from malignant tumors worldwide, followed by gastric cancer and liver cancer; among them, 82% of liver cancer cases occurred in developing countries. Globally, the incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer have been rising year by year over the past two decades in countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan, and the United States, with a gradual trend toward younger ages. Goggins found that the incidence of liver cancer among Chinese Americans was higher than among African Americans and Caucasians, but lower than among mainland Chinese, Hong Kongers, and Singaporeans. In 2006, the "Report on Rural Areas in China in the 1980s" was released, indicating that China accounted for 55% of global liver cancer cases, with 340,000 cases per year, and the trend continues to rise. An epidemiological survey of 67 counties revealed that the mortality rate of liver cancer among 35-year-old men was low (<0.5%), but in Guangxi and Jiangsu provinces, the mortality rate reached 4.3%. In the high-incidence area of Qidong, Jiangsu Province, epidemiological data from 1972–2005 showed that liver cancer

Research on Pei Zhengxue's series of prescriptions

had an incidence rate of 60.69 per 100,000, with a continuing upward trend, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

4.2 Causes and Mechanisms of Primary Liver Cancer