combining Traditional Chinese medicine's emphasis on the holistic aspect with Western medicine's emphasis on the local aspect;

Due to the aforementioned differences between traditional Chinese and Western medicine, they have shown distinct achievements and shortcomings on their respective paths of development. Taking their research on Japanese encephalitis and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis as an example, for many years, Traditional Chinese medicine has only adopted a holistic perspective, believing that these two diseases both belong to the category of heat invading the pericardium, with heat damaging yin and causing blood stasis. This overlooks the fundamental differences between Japanese encephalitis and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, revealing a deficiency in Traditional Chinese medicine's understanding of the two diseases. At the same time, Traditional Chinese medicine's treatment of Japanese encephalitis starts from regulating the body's reactivity, employing methods such as detoxification, opening the orifices, and stopping spasms, achieving certain therapeutic effects in clinical practice—this again demonstrates the positive significance of Traditional Chinese medicine's syndrome differentiation and treatment. Western medicine, on the other hand, approaches these two diseases from the perspective of the pathogen, conducting thorough experimental research on the pathogens that cause Japanese encephalitis and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, thereby completely distinguishing the two diseases in terms of pathogen, pathology, and clinical presentation. This shows the superiority of Western medicine's pathogen-oriented approach. However, because Western medicine places too much emphasis on research aimed at inhibiting the pathogen, this to some extent weakens the possibility of improving treatment outcomes through other avenues. For many years, this has resulted in very limited progress in treating these diseases, demonstrating the shortcomings of a purely pathogen-oriented approach. Through this example, we can clearly see that, in the course of their development, traditional Chinese and Western medicine, due to their different methods of recognizing{.underline} diseases, have developed unique advantages in some aspects; while in other aspects, they have also formed{.underline} insurmountable shortcomings.{.underline}

**III. The Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Is an Important Path for Developing National Medicine According to the above discussion, traditional Chinese and Western medicine are two different medical systems that study human diseases from different directions and using different methods. [Clinical practice has proven that for diseases where the main manifestation is systemic and the focus is on changes in the body's reactivity]{.underline} the efficacy of Traditional Chinese medicine and herbal remedies is often better than that of Western medicine and pharmaceuticals, [such as neurasthenia, menstrual disorders, arthritis]{.underline}, collagen diseases, chronic nephritis, chronic hepatitis, etc. For diseases where the main manifestation is local and the focus is on the pathogenicity of the pathogen, the efficacy of Western medicine and pharmaceuticals is often better than that of Traditional Chinese medicine and herbal remedies, such as various acute infectious diseases, infectious diseases, and localized damage to certain organs or limbs. Some people say that Western medicine excels at treating acute diseases, while Traditional Chinese medicine excels at treating chronic diseases—this does have some merit. Because when a disease first breaks out, its impact is mostly limited to the local lesion and related systems; once it becomes chronic, it will inevitably cause disruptions in all body systems, such as the endocrine system, immune system, metabolic system, autonomic nervous system, etc. Therefore, Western medicine's pathogen-oriented approach and localized measures are more suitable for the former; while Traditional Chinese medicine's holistic perspective and measures to regulate the body's reactivity seem more appropriate for the latter. This situation is the inevitable result of the inherent biases of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. Throughout the history of modern medicine, many innovative physicians in both Traditional Chinese and Western medicine have already noticed this shortcoming in their respective fields. In the field of Western medicine, Pavlov's theory of neural reflexes and Selye's theory of stress response have successively emerged, along with the recently rapidly developing field of biological immunology. The emergence of these theories has, to some extent, shifted the focus of Western medical scholarship from the local to the holistic, from the pathogenicity of the pathogen to the body's reactivity. In the field of Traditional Chinese medicine, schools of warm-disease theory represented by Ye Tianshi and Wu Jutong have also successively emerged, advocating the use of large quantities of heat-clearing and detoxifying herbs such as Forsythia, Lonicera, Bovine Bezoar, Rhinoceros Horn, Dandelion, Fructus Gardeniae, and Belamcanda Chinensis, thereby strengthening the weak link of Traditional Chinese medicine in inhibiting the pathogen. To some extent, this has begun to shift the focus of Traditional Chinese medical scholarship from the holistic to the local, from the body's reactivity to the pathogenicity of the pathogen. The above facts demonstrate that, under the impetus of objective circumstances, Traditional Chinese and Western medicine have already begun internal reforms aimed at addressing their own shortcomings. There is no doubt that this is beneficial for the further reform of medicine; however, if this internal reform is extended to the relationship between Traditional Chinese and Western medicine—that is, [combining Traditional Chinese medicine's emphasis on the holistic aspect with Western medicine's emphasis on the local aspect;]{.underline} [combining Traditional Chinese medicine's focus on regulating the body's reactivity with Western medicine's focus on inhibiting the pathogenicity of the pathogen]{.underline}, this will greatly benefit the development of modern medical science, enabling traditional Chinese medicine to make its due contribution to the health of people worldwide.

Note: ① Engels: "Dialectics of Nature," page 71, paragraph 8, People's Publishing House, 1930 ② Zhang Jiebin: "Classics of Medicine," volume 1, page 577, People's Health Publishing House, 1980.4 A New Proposal for the Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine Syndrome Differentiation Scheme for Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease Wang Jiaqi and An Zhenguang, Respiratory Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou Medical College Origin of the proposal:

Last winter and this spring, we participated in the collaborative group for integrated Chinese-Western medicine syndrome differentiation of pulmonary heart disease in Northwest China. Through 411 cases of clinical differentiation and prevention of pulmonary heart disease, we gained practical experience and refined the "Chronic"

Discussing Zang-Fu Syndrome Differentiation Gansu Institute of New Medicine, Pei Zhengxue

Using the zang-fu organs as the framework for syndrome differentiation and treatment is what we call zang-fu syndrome differentiation. It is an important component of Traditional Chinese medicine's syndrome differentiation and treatment, and serves as the primary diagnostic principle for internal diseases.

I. The Formation of the Zang-Fu Syndrome Differentiation Theory

<!-- translated-chunk:2/24 -->

The "Inner Canon" produced during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods provided the fundamental perspectives for the theory of Zang-Fu differentiation. For example, the "Plain Questions · The Secret Classic of the Spirit Hall" proposed the concept of the basic functions of the Zang-Fu organs; the "Plain Questions: On the Generation of the Five Zang Organs" outlined the five-color and five-flavor characteristics of Zang-Fu syndromes, as well as their simple pulse and symptom manifestations; and the "Plain Questions · On Paralysis" discussed the pathological relationships between the Zang-Fu organs and other organs. Furthermore, the "Nineteen Principles of Pathogenesis" in the "Essential Treatise on Supreme Truths" provided a comprehensive summary of the etiology and syndromes of the Zang-Fu organs, laying an important theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of Zang-Fu differentiation theory. For instance, statements such as "All wind-related dizziness belongs to the Liver," "All cold-induced constriction belongs to the Kidney," "All qi stagnation and depression belongs to the Lung," and "All dampness-related swelling and fullness belongs to the Spleen" remain crucial viewpoints in Zang-Fu differentiation theory to this day. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the eminent clinical physician Zhang Zhongjing inherited these views. While advocating the Six Meridians approach to treating Shanghan, he also emphasized using Zang-Fu differentiation to treat internal injuries, and authored the sixteen-volume "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases," thereby advancing Zang-Fu differentiation significantly in terms of principles, methods, prescriptions, and medications. Later, during the Six Dynasties period, someone attributed to Hua Tuo wrote the "Central Treasury Classics," which proposed preliminary rules for differentiating and treating miscellaneous diseases based on the deficiency or excess of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs. Subsequently, Sun Simiao and Qian Zhongyang further supplemented these ideas, gradually forming a theoretical system that summarized various miscellaneous syndromes under the categories of cold, heat, deficiency, and excess of the Zang-Fu organs, serving as guidelines for prescription formulation and medication use.

By the Jin and Yuan dynasties, Zhang Yuansu from Yishui County in Hebei Province made the pathogenesis and treatment of Zang-Fu syndromes his lifelong research topic and achieved significant results. His student Li Dongheng inherited his teachings and focused more on elaborating the functions of the Spleen and Stomach, formulating the Buzhong Yiqi Decoction, which became a representative formula for warming and tonifying the Spleen in later generations. During the Ming Dynasty, Xue Lizhai, who was deeply influenced by Dongyuan, not only emphasized the Spleen and Stomach but also expounded on the critical importance of Kidney Yin and Kidney Yang. Thus, in the field of Zang-Fu differentiation research, two major schools emerged: the Soil-Tonifying School represented by Li Dongyuan's doctrines, and the Kidney-Tonifying School represented by Xue Lizhai and Zhao Xianke. Their theories were mainly centered on warming and tonifying, so they were collectively known as the Warming-Tonifying School. Due to the academic thought originating from Yuansu (from Yishui, Hebei), later generations also referred to the Warming-Tonifying School as the Yishui School. The achievements of this school in elaborating Zang-Fu differentiation were remarkably innovative and insightful, far surpassing those of their predecessors, ultimately leading to a complete systematization of Zang-Fu differentiation content.

II. Analysis of Zang-Fu Differentiation Content . 1. Spleen and Stomach Differentiation:

1. Spleen Qi Deficiency

Pale complexion, poor appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath, and reluctance to speak are the basic symptom clusters of this syndrome. If accompanied by edema, abdominal distension, or loose stools, it is called Spleen Dysfunction; if accompanied by hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematochezia, or epistaxis, it is called Spleen Non-Containment of Blood; if accompanied by ptosis of the eyelids, uterine prolapse, gastric prolapse, or wandering spleen, it is called Central Qi Collapse. For Spleen Qi Deficiency, it is advisable to strengthen the Spleen and tonify Qi, with Si Jun Zi Tang (as recorded in the "Jufang") as the base formula. For Spleen Dysfunction, it is recommended to strengthen the Spleen and tonify Qi while promoting Qi circulation and eliminating dampness, using Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang (also from the "Jufang"); for Spleen Non-Containment of Blood, strengthen the Spleen and tonify Qi while guiding blood back to the Spleen, using Gui Pi Tang (formulated by Yan Yonghe); for Central Qi Collapse, strengthen the Spleen and tonify Qi while lifting Yang and raising the collapsed Qi, using Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (formulated by Li Dongyuan).

2. Spleen Yang Deficiency

Pale complexion, poor appetite, fatigue, abdominal distension, edema, loose stools, feeling cold, and spontaneous sweating are the basic symptom clusters of this syndrome. This cluster consists of three parts: ① Spleen Yang Deficiency develops on the basis of Spleen Qi Deficiency, so this syndrome presents with pale complexion, poor appetite, and fatigue. ② The Spleen is responsible for transportation and transformation; when Yang is deficient, its function is impaired, resulting in abdominal distension, edema, and loose stools. ③ Spleen Yang Deficiency must be accompanied by symptoms of Yang deficiency, such as feeling cold and sweating. For Spleen Yang Deficiency, it is advisable to strengthen the Spleen and warm the middle burner, using Li Zhong Tang (formulated by Zhang Zhongjing) or Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang (also formulated by Zhang Zhongjing).

3. Cold-Dampness Obstructing the Spleen

Headache with chills and fever, fullness and distension in the epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, intestinal rumbling and diarrhea, and floating, moist pulse—these are the symptoms that require dispersing exterior cold and transforming turbidity, using Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San (as recorded in the "Jufang"). Individuals with inherently weak Spleen Yang who are exposed to wind-cold and have internal dampness combined with external cold will develop this syndrome. Therefore, this symptom cluster consists of two parts: ① headache with chills and fever, along with a floating, moist pulse (external cold). ② fullness and distension in the epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, and intestinal rumbling and diarrhea (internal dampness).

4. Spleen Damp-Heat

When dampness and heat combine and stagnate in the Spleen and Stomach, this syndrome arises. If heat predominates over dampness, high fever, thirst, burning diarrhea, yellow and greasy tongue coating, and slippery, rapid pulse appear; in this case, it is advisable to clear heat and dry dampness, using Ge Gen Qin Lian Tang (formulated by Zhang Zhongjing). If dampness predominates over heat, the primary symptoms are heaviness and oppression, body heat that does not rise, fullness and distension in the epigastrium, nausea and vomiting, and intestinal rumbling and diarrhea; in this situation, it is recommended to clear heat and eliminate dampness while transforming turbidity, using San Ren Tang (formulated by Zhang Zhongjing) or Huo Pu Xia Ling Tang (as recorded in the "Yiyuan"). When heat dominates dampness, the condition progresses rapidly (violent onset, all due to heat); when dampness dominates heat, the progression is slower (dampness is sticky and difficult to dissipate quickly). Therefore, the former is characterized by heat and rapidity combined with dampness; the latter is characterized by dampness and slowness combined with heat.

· 5) Exuberant Stomach Fire

Dry mouth, bad breath, oral erosion, toothache and gum swelling, bleeding from gingival pockets, burning pain in the epigastrium, red tongue with yellow coating, and rapid pulse—all indicate the need to clear stomach fire and drain excess heat, using Qing Wei San (formulated by Li Dongyuan). The hallmark of this syndrome lies in the oral cavity, as the mouth is the orifice of the Spleen and Stomach; moreover, since fire has an upward-inflaming nature, it directly attacks the oral cavity, causing dryness, odor, erosion, swelling, and bleeding—all signs of intense fire.

6. Stomach Yin Deficiency

Burning pain in the epigastrium, dry mouth without desire to drink, red tongue with little coating, thin and rapid pulse, accompanied by bone-steaming tidal fever, five-heart vexation, and night sweats—these are the symptoms of Stomach Yin Deficiency. It is advisable to nourish Stomach Yin, using Yang Wei Tang (formulated by Ye Tiantu) or Sha Shen Mai Men Dong Tang (formulated by Zhang Zhongjing). This syndrome consists of two parts: ① Yin-deficiency symptoms: bone-steaming tidal fever, five-heart vexation, night sweats, dry mouth without desire to drink, red tongue with little coating, and thin, rapid pulse. The first three symptoms are the basic manifestations of Yin deficiency, while the last three are general symptoms of Yin deficiency. ② Stomach-heat symptoms: burning pain in the epigastrium. Although related to stomach heat, it differs from exuberant Stomach Fire; the former damages Yin due to heat, while the latter intensifies fire due to heat, with the fiery nature rising to cause oral symptoms.

2. Heart Disease Differentiation:

1. Heart Qi Deficiency, Heart Yang Deficiency, and Death of Yang