2.1 Clinical Manifestations

2.1 Clinical Manifestations

The clinical manifestations of aplastic anemia include anemia, bleeding, and infection. Clinically, it is classified into acquired aplastic anemia and congenital aplastic anemia [1]. Chinese scholars classify aplastic anemia into acute and chronic forms.

2.1.1 Acute Type

Onset is sudden, condition is severe, and progression is rapid.

2.1.1.1 Anemia: Often progressively worsens, accompanied by obvious symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, palpitations, and shortness of breath.

2.1.1.2 Infection: Most patients have fever, with body temperature above 38°C; in some cases, patients remain in uncontrollable high fever from onset to death. Respiratory tract infections and skin infections are the most common, followed by gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and other skin infections. The main pathogens involved are Gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi, often complicated by sepsis, with a severe course and poor response to symptomatic treatment.

2.1.1.3 Bleeding: All patients experience bleeding to varying degrees, with widespread bleeding sites. In addition to skin and mucous membranes, visceral bleeding is also common. Skin

Research on Pei Zhengxue’s Series of Formulas and Medicines

Bleeding manifests as petechiae or large ecchymoses; blood blisters appear on the oral mucosa; nasal bleeding, gingival bleeding, and conjunctival bleeding may also occur. All organs can bleed, but only bleeding from organs that open to the outside can be clinically detected. Clinically, hematemesis, melena, and hematuria can be observed; women may experience vaginal bleeding, followed by retinal hemorrhage and intracranial hemorrhage, the latter of which often endangers the patient's life. Bleeding sites gradually increase from few to many, from superficial to visceral, often foreshadowing more severe bleeding.